French Resistance and Roman Fiction
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A World War 2 Trilogy
By FRED NATH (Novelist and Neurosurgeon)
Fred's Blog
Fred's Blog
Blog
Covid-19 [5]
| Posted on 21 May, 2020 at 4:05 |
comments (1)
|
I wrote in a previous post about Koch’s postulates. To recap,
whether you get an infection or not, depends on 3 things: 1.
Host vulnerability – if you are immunocompromised (for
example) 2.
Virulence of the organism – if you get Ebola as
opposed to a mild cold 3.
Dose of organism – if you have a huge dose of an
innocuous infective organism you are more likely to become ill than if it is only
1 bacterium or virus. With the Corona virus we know that certain individuals are more
prone to both catch the disease and to die from it. We do know that people of
BAME groups are more likely to be affected and so
are front line NHS workers. There is much consternation over this, but applying
the above, there may be some answers. It is improbable that it is postulate 1
or 2 above that results in the increased incidence and death rate, although
clearly older individuals are more likely to die if they get the respiratory
distress and since they have more ACE 2 receptors, they will get a bigger viral load. Since front line workers are not only more likely to get the
virus and more likely to die from it, it seems logical to assume that the
problem is dose of virus. They are exposed to far more virus than the average
person out for a walk 2 meters away. The droplets hang around in the air in a
still atmosphere for hours so exposure to that environment makes it more likely
that the dose of virus is high where the PPE mask (for example) didn’t fit properly
or the virus gets in through the eyes under the visor. The much-maligned Marseilles study showed that in people who
were mildly infected, they cleared the virus quickly and it was assumed to be
the drugs responsible. I make no judgement on that, but I suspect the real
significance was that the ones who went on to develop the late respiratory distress
syndrome probably had such large doses of virus that they overloaded their immune
system and developed the auto-immune ARDS. There are numerous studies which show that using acoustic
rhinometry, the size of the nasal cavity varies with ethnicity and that
Caucasians have smaller nasal cavities than other racial groups. Asian people
are in-between in nasal cavity size. The proportionate difference is very
similar to the racial differential mortality with Covid-19. I think this may be
important because in a large nasal cavity, the infection will cause a greater
viral load, leading to a greater likelihood of the late development of the respiratory
distress and organ failure. All this leads me to conclude that the size of the viral load is
the important factor in the development of the severe acute respiratory
distress. The people with mild illness had a smaller dose and cleared the virus
quicker. Just sayin’ is all. |
Covid-19 [4] The NHS
| Posted on 16 April, 2020 at 18:49 |
comments (0)
|
I may seem like a bitter old git,
but I have serious reservations about all the praise for NHS workers. I see how
people are clapping and join them unreservedly in praising how front-line NHS
workers are going to work every day facing fears and genuinely risking their
lives to save patients in the present Covid-19 crisis. It is what the NHS
and the wonderful people in it signed up for, are committed to, and execute
with kindness and empathy. I’ve been a consultant
neurosurgeon for 34 years in the NHS and have had the privilege of working
beside the finest nurses, porters and ground staff any system could offer. Many
of them worked without demur despite poor conditions, under staffing and poor
remuneration. The nurses on my neurosurgical ward never went home at the end of
their shift on time because they had to make sure that in the presence of staff
shortages (always there) the patients would be OK. I loved those people for
their kindness, care and empathy. About
time you appreciated them too. But… And there is always a but… Think about it. Those people you
are all praising, and admiring have been doing that job for a long time. What
have successive governments done to them? Yes, not just Tories but Labour
Governments also? Margaret Thatcher wanted to dis-empower doctors and abolish ‘shroud waving’ because she and her Government
were underfunding the NHS and under-paying the hard-working staff – doctors,
nurses, porters and cleaners. She put doctors into management to divide and
rule – setting doctor against doctor to make them blame each other instead of
the niggardly governments. There was a review body which did what the
Government wanted and never paid anyone in the NHS even at the level of
inflation. Next came successive Labour and
Conservative Governments who engaged in and encouraged ‘doctor bashing’ –
vilifying doctors generally. The press joined in and the politicians tried
their best to redress the balance between the public view of doctors compared
to the public view of politicians. NHS workers – all of us- felt
undervalued and underpaid. Morale was rock-bottom and descending. Suddenly – Covid-19! Yes, you are going to die without
our glorious NHS. Well, buddy, let me tell you the NHS was always bloody
glorious! Not only are we there for you
now, we always were, despite what the politicians did to us. They tried to
damage our status (nurses and doctors). They cheated us over pensions. They
underpaid us. And Now? Wonderful NHS – saving lives
– we are so grateful! You for real? We have one of the lowest per
capita rate of cost for health care in Europe. We have had desperately
insufficient ITU beds in the country for years. Patients died for the lack of
them and no one cared. We cajoled, we urged, and we begged for more ITU beds
and were laughed at. No one cared and people died unnecessarily. Perhaps now, even Boris Johnson realizes what the NHS is. It is a wonderful institution and the people working
in it do so and give everything they have, even their lives for others without
complaint (or remuneration). Shouldn’t you be paying them for
what they do? Shouldn’t they have a right to a decent wage and a feeling of
security? Keep clapping and wafting your
virus at the people round you. It wont pay anyone’s mortgage. |
Covid-19 [4]
| Posted on 7 April, 2020 at 8:26 |
comments (0)
|
Virology half-understood, pseudoscience and and maybe a little hope: Coronaviruses are interesting.
They have the biggest genome of any RNA viruses in their nucleocapsid (the envelope with the RNA in). There
are three proteins – S- or spike protein which makes up the spikey part on the
outside, M protein which makes up the outer membrane and N protein which
encloses the nucleocapsid inside. The virus spreads in two ways. It can
force replication of its own RNA and the new virus particles exit the cell emerging
into the extracellular space to infect other cells. The other way it moves to
new cells is by syncytial spread – moving through cell membranes into adjacent
cells. The ‘clever’ part about that is that it can spread along a mucosal (lining membrane) surface
without ever being exposed to the extracellular environment where antibodies
(IgG and IgM) can neutralise it, or extracellular toxins (like drugs) can
affect it. The virus has an affinity for a
particular site on human cell membranes called angiotensin converting enzyme-2
or ACE-2 receptors. That receptor is common and present on many cells in the
body. The purpose of ACE is to increase levels of angiotensin which is
important in the renin/angiotensin mechanism (which keeps your blood pressure up). This renin angiotensin pathway
raises blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction. Inhibitors of ACE can occupy
these receptors on cells and work by causing smooth muscle relaxation and
lowering of blood pressure. The Coronavirus spike protein latches onto that
receptor site and changes shape to allow passage of the nucleocapsid into the
cytoplasm of the infected cell, where is latches onto the Golgi apparatus and
creates replicas of its own RNA. Unfortunately giving ACE inhibitors doesn’t
prevent viral attachment because the spike protein can change the morphology of
the receptor site to adapt. Potentially the only way to
affect the virus is during replication or to block the exiting particles. Chloroquine affects the
developing malaria parasite by blocking one locus on the protein necessary for
it to exit the red blood cell it infects. Since Coronaviruses have a large
complex RNA chain and require certain proteins to burst out of the host cell
there must be some logic in using Chloroquine to damage those proteins. Similarly, bacteriostatic
antibiotics (Doxycycline, Azithromycin) inhibit protein manufacture by acting
on a different locus on mycoplasma proteins (the antibiotics of choice for Chlamydia)
and prevent the infected cell from letting out the infecting organism. So, my feeling is to treat the
infection as early as possible with those two drugs, so the extent of the
infection is reduced and hopefully the second phase of the illness won’t occur.
This is unproven but there was one small study, poorly controlled and much criticized
which did show that patients on these two drugs did better than patients who
did not take them, albeit in a different hospital but otherwise age and illness
matched. I think that if/when I get this
virus, I want early treatment with those 2 drugs! |
Covid-19 [4]
| Posted on 31 March, 2020 at 3:50 |
comments (0)
|
I realise most of it isn’t rocket
science, but as a neurosurgeon, I’m used to looking at figures of outcomes and
mortality. I’m puzzled. In January last year the winter
mortality in the UK was just about 1500 deaths per day. The daily death rate
fell to around 1200 by 31 March 2019. The cause of the excess
deaths (1500 – 1200 = 300) was due to an increase in respiratory infections,
mainly in the elderly. I have not seen the current daily
death rates for this year, but it remains unclear to me whether the figures
given out for Covid-19 are to be included in the normal daily death rate or
whether they are on top of the known seasonal excess winter death rates. It is
puzzling because I have a suspicion that a proportion of the people dying from
Covid-19 would have died from another respiratory illness (influenza,
bronchopneumonia) in any case. The only way to know would be to look at the
effect that Covid-19 has had on those figures. The Office of National
Statistics indicates that in the week beginning 13/3/20 11,019 deaths were
registered. The comparable average figure during the previous 5 years was 11,205.
There is no significant difference between the two as far as I can see but
maybe I’m missing something. You might be thinking that Covid-19
figures have not been taken into account yet, but when you think about it, the
figures we have are related to the testing statistics – number of cases = number
of positive tests in people admitted to hospital because they have become
seriously ill. The figures bandied about indicate
around 200 deaths per day at present. If the mortality from this virus is 1-3%
(we’ll call it 2%), then the over all incidence in the general population is
probably around 10,000 ((200 x 100)/2). This makes little sense when others
suggest up to 50% of the population may have been exposed to the virus. The fact is we have no idea how
many people are or have been infected, because only a selected group have been
tested and all it tells you is the number of hospital admissions who actually
have the virus in their nose/throat. Once the antibody test is
available things will become much clearer. We will have a better understanding
of who has been exposed and who is probably immune. I guess in a round about way, all
I’m saying is the information given out generally is confusing and there just
isn’t enough data about the general population’s exposure to predict anything. There is an article in The
Spectator which is interesting: It makes the point that many
deaths due to Covid-19 may simply be an incidental cause of death in people who
would have died of another virus in any case. I sincerely hope it’s true. |
Covid-19 [3]
| Posted on 29 March, 2020 at 5:54 |
comments (0)
|
So, we’ve hit the 1K mark for
deaths. The PM says it’s going to get worse. We know this already. If we all
behave and don’t touch anyone else, we may keep the deaths to a minimum but not
before the death rate peaks. Seems to me there is some pretty
flawed thinking about who is at risk. Front-line NHS workers I suspect are among
those who are most exposed to the Covid-19 virus. The Government is wanting to
test them because… because what? The average doctor in ITU whether
he has PPE or not, may or may not have the virus at any one point in time. If
he tests negative, he might become positive later today or tomorrow or the day
after. Testing him now tells you nothing. A front-line nurse in ITU may
test positive – she drops out for 2 weeks. On her return we cannot know whether she is
still infectious unless she is tested again. It represents the pitfall of epidemiological
statistical thinking. It doesn’t matter how many people have the virus what
matters to the NHS staff is if they have had the virus or not. Once you
have established who is immune, you have a workforce who can rest assured they
are much less likely to get the illness again. This why testing for the antigen
isn’t much help unless you keep testing the same individuals. We have moved beyond
the stage of contact tracing to try to confine the disease. We are now on
damage limitation to limit the spread and the pressure on our 8000 ITU beds
with ventilators. Antibody testing may well be
helpful but that is in any case, not completely reliable, since serum titres of
the antibody are highest around 2 weeks after infection. So, if you return to
work after a week’s isolation it is probably better to do the antibody test a
week later – after the horse has bolted. The WHO say test, test, test, but
the timing is important and much depends on what stage we are at in the
epidemic. For us now in the damage limitation phase, antibody testing is
probably the most important. There is a lot we still don’t
know about this virus. From one description I read by someone who had the virus
badly and survived, there is a an ‘allergic’ response after the initial temperature/cough
phase and it is this which causes the severe form which starts days after the
initial symptoms. To quote a character in Full
Metal Jacket: ‘It’s a big s**t sandwich and we all just gotta take a bite’. I hope that no one who reads this
gets the damn illness. Stay home, stay safe. |
COVID-19 Again
| Posted on 20 March, 2020 at 11:04 |
comments (0)
|
COVID-19 again. It has come to my attention… That’s the way all unpleasant missives begin, after all, isn’t
it? Look people, there seem to be a lot of you who still don’t
understand what we are facing here. If the epidemic peaks badly like in Italy,
the mortality will quadruple. All the intensive care facilities will be taken
up (average stay is about 8 days in ITU). Infected people will not get
treatment and more and more will die. We bandy figures around like 1% mortality but in Italy, the
mortality over all is over 8% because as facilities get used up there are more
people dying at home without ventilatory support. On the patient info website (https://patient.info/news-and-features/covid-19-coronavirus-myths-debunked)
is a list of misconceptions and myths which are listed to be dismissed. My take
on it is: 1.
The virus does not respect any national
boundaries. You are as vulnerable as anyone else whether you are an Eskimo in
an igloo or Pygmy in Africa 2.
A hot bath makes no difference to the infection 3.
Antibiotics don’t work 4.
A vaccine will take about 6 months to be tested
and used, even if it is possible to develop one 5.
There are no effective drugs 6.
Paper face masks will not help. The air and
droplets you exhale come downwards and at the sides, even over the top of the mask.
The paper will only protect the person you are talking to and surgical masks
only work for a few hours – after that they are useless. 7.
Washing your hands with soap is very effective.
This is because it denatures the fatty molecules that the virus contains
(lipoproteinolytic). If all that is true you may feel
it is hopeless. It isn’t. Our Government’s current strategy will probably work
if people cooperate. 1.
Reduce social contact with others – the less you
go out, the less you are in contact with places and things used by many people,
the less likely you are to contract the disease. 2.
Avoid pubs, clubs, sporting fixtures and anywhere
where there are crowds. 3.
Don’t go to any social gatherings. 4.
Don’t hold meetings at work – use teleconferencing
and video conferencing. 5.
Don’t touch other people and don’t shake hands or
give a reassuring peck on the cheek. 6.
Don’t stand close to people when you speak to them
– space, space, space. 7.
Clean the things you use most often – your phone,
keyboard and mouse, car keys, doorbell, door handles etc. using anti-septic
wipes or fluid. So, what happens then? Even if we are all going to get this virus,
we won’t all get it at the same time and we can benefit from there being
sufficient ITU facilities when we do, so we won’t just die at home waiting for a bed in hospital. When will it be over? New cases will probably have reduced to
reasonable levels by autumn, but we might then see an upward surge as people
start to relax. I read somewhere that no country has an exit strategy. This
may be true, but if a vaccine appears we may yet terminate this disease. So,
fingers crossed. I think most of the world’s virologists will be working on it.
For once there may be global co-operation. I hope so. For all our sakes. And it isn’t just because I miss going to the pub. |
COVID-19
| Posted on 19 March, 2020 at 7:09 |
comments (2)
|
A nineteenth century traveler called Charles Kinglake published his travelogue of a journey across the Mediterranean
and Middle east (Eothen). I had to study it for ‘O’ levels. At the time I
couldn’t understand why there were frequent references to plague and weird superstitions
about things like: if you have a cold you can’t catch plague. He thought he was
lucky to get a bad head-cold on his journey. Maybe I understand him a little
better now. It seems to me that even when
confronted by facts and scientific truths we still cling to foolish
superstitions in the hope that hope will save us. It won’t. Get used to disappointment
folks. In the current pandemic, we should all accept the few facts that are
available: 1. The virus
spreads like any upper respiratory tract virus – droplets that emanate from
your mouth and physical contact of virus particles on hands with your eyes,
nose or mouth. When you cough, micro-droplets of moisture emanate from your
mouth. In a still atmosphere, they have a range of up to 2 meters. Sneezing is
even more powerful. Speaking results in droplet spread as well but not as
distant as coughing or sneezing. So – keep your distance from others – it’s not
offensive to do so, only sensible. Don’t shake hands. No peck on the cheek.
Wash your hands every time you come home. Wipe all communal surfaces with an
ant-septic agent – that means door handles and your computer mouse and
keyboard. Do it frequently or at the very least when anyone else has used them.
Wipe your smartphone, door keys and car keys. If you go shopping, wipe the
handle of the supermarket trolley before you start pushing it round and when you
go to your car, sanitize your hands before you get in. Wipe the car door
handle, steering wheel and gear stick with an antiseptic wipe before you set
off. 2. Whether or
not you get an infection depends on three things (Koch’s postulates): a.
Host susceptibility and resistance b.
Virulence of the organism c.
Dose of the infecting organism. You need
to think about this because the people most at risk are those who fit the above
criteria. Living with and being in intimate contact with someone who has the
virus means that you have a pretty good chance of catching it and your outlook
isn’t good if you have an illness that compromises your immune system. Stay
away from old and sick people – if you care about them. 3. As far as
I can see reading stuff, 75% of people will get a ‘flu-like illness. 15% will
be seriously ill and between 1% and 2% will die of respiratory or multi-organ
failure. Mortality is highest in old people especially those who have an
underlying illness. Over the age of 80 the mortality may be as high as 20%. So
why are younger people less affected? I have a feeling it’s partly because they
are never still – they are fitter to start with i.e. they have a better
respiratory reserve. They also have a higher metabolic rate and burn off
calories faster. That readiness of the body to raise core temperatures from
metabolism may be a reason for their relative resistance. Most respiratory viruses
take hold best at slightly below core body temperature – that’s why they get
into you through the upper airways, since your nasal temperature is a little
below core temperature. The cell turnover of the ciliated mucous membranes in
the airways is probably better in younger people too, so recovery may also be
better in young people. We can’t get younger, but maybe we should all exercise
more on a regular basis to try to increase over all fitness and metabolic rate.
OK that isn’t fact but there is some logic in there somehow. 4. If you have
had the virus and no longer have symptoms, you probably won’t get it again for
a long time – like resistance to influenza. That doesn’t mean the virus won’t
mutate and change its characteristics in the future, just that this virus will
gradually peter out with time. But… and there is always a ‘but’. It is known
that as a virus passes from person to person, it attenuates, that is, it gets
weaker. A new infection is very virulent but by the time that virus has
infected a number of individuals, it produces less of an illness – the later in
the epidemic you get the virus, the more likely it is that it won’t make you as
ill as it made the first person with it. 5. Herd immunity
is necessary. It’s all about who’s got it and who hasn’t. If you are in a room
with ten people who are not resistant and one of them has the virus,
potentially they all get infected. If you are in a room with nine immune people
and one person is infected, the odds are you won’t be infected. If you then
look at a population of people, eventually as immunity increases, the virus can’t
reach enough people to continue in a big way. The immune people form a kind of
resistance wall, since they can’t pass on the virus to you if they don’t have
it. 6. Dog shit.
Yes, that’s it! The way to think about contagion is, in your mind, to picture
the virus as dog shit. Each time you touch something potentially infected,
think how it would be if you could actually see and smell it. You would never
put your hand in dog poo and then touch your face or shake hands or fail to
wash your hands (regularly). If you want to avoid this virus, think dog shit. 7. The
probability is that we will all be exposed to this virus. Once you accept that
it is easier to come to terms with the future. Some of us will die – hope it’s
not me and I hope it’s not you. There’s more but I’m getting
bored. |
The Game of Thrones Petition
| Posted on 29 July, 2019 at 4:34 |
comments (0)
|
I watched GOT from Season 1 to
the very end. I loved it. The acting was mostly brilliant, the storyline even better
than the books and the characters were fleshed-out, realistic and engaging. Many fans seem to be displeased
with the ending and for my part there were elements of the ending I didn’t
like. I felt Jon Snow became a whimp towards the end. The great swordsman, the
driving force behind so much in the story just fizzled out as if no one in the
7 Kingdoms felt he deserved better than banishment to the far north. But for
his actions, the Night King would have triumphed, and if he didn't, a cruel, mad queen would
have sought vengeance on everyone, but no one seemed to give him credit. Greyworm
turns out to be a nasty bitter fellow whose devotion to the despotic Mother of
Dragons (who has clearly gone potty, perhaps for genetic reasons) is
unreasonable. But you know, we as fans/observers don’t have control over the
story. We actually don’t really want control either. This was a fiction and we
suspend belief in order to escape our humdrum lives and become part of a new
world. Bottom line, if you’re reading a
work of fiction or watching it, it’s no good whinging about the ending or plot.
It’s fiction, made up, the child of another person’s brain. If it entertains and
grabs you so that you empathise and care about the characters, then it’s
achieved what the author intended, even if your view is negative – at least it
did something to you. Every time you read a book of
fiction, you escape the here and now. Most books are written to try to grab the
imagination of the reader and draw them in. In GOT, people found the ending
unsatisfying but that’s fiction. If you didn’t like it – write your own. Can’t
do it yourself? Then you have no right to criticize the people who can. In the end, there was only one
scene that I found foolish. Misasndei is standing three feet from Cersei and
knows they are about to kill her. She should logically have turned fast and
placing her arms around Cersei’s neck dragged her over the parapet or at least
die trying. Yes, it would have ruined the rest of the story but all the same, I
couldn’t understand why that scene was choregraphed so badly. She had time,
opportunity and surely would have thought about that. The point is, I didn’t
write it. I gained great pleasure from watching the writer’s vision of what
they wanted to happen. DB Weiss and David Benioff in my opinion
did a great job but you know, nerbody’s pofect. |
Harry comes up trumps!
| Posted on 4 June, 2019 at 3:55 |
comments (0)
|
Most people
have a view of Donald Trump. I know I have mine. Meghan Markle has expressed
her views during Trump’s presidential campaign. Can’t say I can identify any
difference of opinion between mine and hers. This is the
first US president that I can recall who is blustering, tactless, full of
himself and well, downright a president of whom the USA should be ashamed. His
failure to act on climate change, his views on women and equality and human
rights have all come under scrutiny in the press and it all fosters a view of a
man who should never had got to power, but money speaks, I guess. It seems
clear that Prince Harry has his own views too and it must have been quite
difficult for him to attend events yesterday feeling as I suppose he must. There
is probably an element of protectiveness too since his wife has just given
birth to a son. I think he
needn’t have worried on that score because Meghan Markle is strong and clearly resilient, functioning so well in a prejudicial society such as we have in the UK. I’m
half-Asian so believe me I know. I think
Harry did his job excellently well. No confrontations or deep conversation with
a man who is quite capable of being a bully in public and expressing it on video and
Twitter. Top trumps
Harry. Always seen him as a great guy. Think his mum would be so proud. |
Shamima Begum
| Posted on 23 February, 2019 at 23:57 |
comments (13)
|
This girl has been castigated and disenfranchised because
she left the UK to go to the IS. At the time she was 15 years of age. When she
entered the refugee camp in Syria, she was heavily pregnant, and she now has a
baby boy. Much controversy surrounds the mother and child. Many seem
to think that she is a Muslim Jihadist and allowing her to return to the UK
poses a threat to our security. My initial reaction was that it serves her right because the
faction she left the UK to join is without doubt, by western standards, evil.
There are not may people who would disagree with this and international efforts
to erase IS seem to be successful. It would be described in Horrible History (a
humorous book looking at British History) as a GOOD THING and I think few could
argue otherwise. The Home Office Minister, Mr Javid, has revoked her British
citizenship and she is now stateless. Serves her right, did I hear you say? The
regime to which she clung since 2015 was evil. How could she have been
convinced otherwise? Well folks, the simple fact is that there are many older and
wiser British people who have been ‘radicalised’ and convinced to fight for
Islamic extremism. I agree they are mostly unemployed morons who have abused our
benefits system and have no gratitude for the country which has raised them in
safety in an unsafe world. Hence my first reaction was to think precisely that
- yes, make her stateless – we don’t need such people in our country. Thinking deeper though, one has to realise that a
15-year-old is a child; on the cusp of adulthood, but a child nonetheless.
Children make mistakes. I’ve had 4 children in my time, and I can recall many
times when they got it wrong and needed help to make good decisions. Ms Begum
may not be a child any longer but her life-changing stupid mistake was made
when she was. It strikes me that leaving her stateless is an injustice because
although her child can enter the country she cannot. She would be separated
from her child for life and end up somewhere like Kazakstan on her own with
inadequate means to support herself. All I’m saying is that I think we have to question what we
have become – are we really ruthless, unforgiving and unkind? That is not the British
way. It never has been. A little more understanding and kindness is needed here
in my opinion although she has to be watched very closely, we should allow her
back here to show that we are better than the radical fanatics and terrorists
and that our country stands for more than plain law-keeping. I think we need to
show the world our quality. Bet loads of people disagree, but a child who makes a stupid
mistake deserves forgiveness, understanding and guidance, not
disenfranchisement. |
